NANDA Nursing Diagnoses Related to Activity and Exercise Patterns

Activity Intolerance
Risk for Activity Intolerance
Bathing/Hygiene Self-Care Deficit
Dressing/Grooming Self-Care Deficit
Impaired Bed Mobility
Risk for Disuse Syndrome
Deficient Diversional Activity
Fatigue
Risk for Falls
Impaired Home Maintenance
Impaired Physical Mobility
Impaired Wheelchair Mobility
Impaired Transfer Ability
Impaired Walking
Delayed Surgical Recovery
Decreased Cardiac Output
Ineffective Breathing Pattern
Ineffective Airway Clearance
Impaired Gas Exchange
Risk for Peripheral Neurovascular Dysfunction
Impaired Tissue Perfusion
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
Impaired Spontaneous Ventilation
Dysfunctional Ventilatory Weaning Response

NANDA Nursing Diagnoses Related to Elimination Patterns

Bowel Incontinence
Constipation
Perceived Constipation
Risk for Constipation
Diarrhea
Impaired Urinary Elimination
Functional Urinary Incontinence
Reflex Urinary Incontinence
Stress Urinary Incontinence
Total Urinary Incontinence
Urge Urinary Incontinence
Risk for Urge Urinary Incontinence
Pereived Constipation
Urinary Retention
Self-Care Deficit: Toileting

NANDA Nursing Diagnoses Related to Nutrition and Metabolic Patterns

Risk for Aspiration
Risk for Imbalanced Body Temperature
Impaired Dentition
Feeding Self-Care Deficit
Fluid Volume Deficit
Fluid Volume Excess
Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Risk for Infection
Impaired Oral Mucous Membranes
Nausea
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than body requirements
Imbalanced Nutrition: More than body requirements
Impaired Skin Integrity
Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
Impaired Swallowing
Ineffective Thermoregulation
Impaired Tissue Integrity
Risk for Trauma
Adult Failure to Thrive

NANDA Nursing Diagnoses Related to Cognitive Perceptual Patterns

Acute Confusion
Decreased Intracranial Adaptive Capacity
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Risk for Autonomic Dysreflexia
Chronic Confusion
Impaired Verbal Communication
Acute Pain
Chronic Pain
Impaired Memory
Unilateral Neglect
Risk for Peripheral Neurovascular Dysfunction
Risk for Post-Trauma Syndrome
Ineffective Protection
Disturbed Sensory Perception
Disturbed Thought Processes
Decisional Conflict
Risk for Trauma
Wandering
Unilateral Neglect
Impaired Environmental Interpretation Syndrome

NANDA Nursing Diagnoses Related to Sexuality-Reproductive Patterns

Rape-Trauma Syndrome
Sexual Dysfunction
Ineffective Sexuality Patterns

Nanda Nursing Diagnoses Related to Functional Health Patterns

Latex Allergy Response
Caregiver Role Strain
Chronic Sorrow
Compromised Family Coping
Death Anxiety
Anxiety
Decisional Conflict
Disturbed Body Image
Fatigue
Fear
Deficient Fluid Volume
Excess Fluid Volume
Ineffective Health Maintenance
Health-seeking Behaviors
Risk for infection
Deficient Knowledge
Nausea
Acute Pain
Chronic Pain
Risk for Injury
Powerlessness
Disturbed Personal Identity
Ineffective Protection
Delayed Surgical Recovery
Self-care Deficit
Low Se-festeem
Disturbed Sleep Pattern
Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management
Disturbed Through Process
Risk for Violence

Happy hearts day!

Cardiomegaly

Enlargement of the heart. Also called megalocardia.

Cardiomegaly is not a disease but a sign of an underlying problem.

It can have many causes, including:
High blood pressure
Heart valve disorders
Weakness of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
Severe anemia
Thyroid disorders
Excessive iron in the body (hemochromatosis)
Abnormal protein buildup in an organ (amyloidosis)

In some people, an enlarged heart causes no signs or symptoms. Others may experience:
Breathing difficulties
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
Swelling (edema)

Treatment is directed at the underlying cause of enlarged heart.

Diagnosis

Melanoma

Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. However, if it is recognized and treated early, it is nearly 100 percent curable.

Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates in melanocytes, the cells which produce the pigment melanin that colors our skin, hair, and eyes. The majority of melanomas are black or brown. However, some melanomas are skin-colored, pink, red, purple, blue or white.

Signs and Symptoms
Thinking of "ABCD" can help you remember what to watch for:
Asymmetry - the shape of one half does not match the other
Border - the edges are ragged, blurred or irregular
Color - the color in uneven and may include shades of black, brown and tan
Diameter - there is a change in size, usually an increase

click here for interactive tutorials about melanoma


Doctors recommend that people take steps to help prevent and reduce the risk of melanoma caused by UV radiation:

Avoid exposure to the midday sun (from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) whenever possible.
When your shadow is shorter than you are, remember to protect yourself from the sun.
If you must be outside, wear long sleeves, long pants, and a hat with a wide brim.
Protect yourself from UV radiation that can penetrate light clothing, windshields, and windows.
Protect yourself from UV radiation reflected by sand, water, snow, and ice.
Help protect your skin by using a lotion, cream, or gel that contains sunscreen.

Many doctors believe sunscreens may help prevent melanoma, especially sunscreens that reflect, absorb, and/or scatter both types of ultraviolet radiation. These sunscreen products will be labeled with "broad-spectrum coverage." Sunscreens are rated in strength according to a sun protection factor (SPF). The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection is provided. Sunscreens with an SPF value of 2 to 11 provide minimal protection against sunburns. Sunscreens with an SPF of 12 to 29 provide moderate protection.

Those with an SPF of 30 or higher provide the most protection against sunburn.
Wear sunglasses that have UV-absorbing lenses. The label should specify that the lenses block at least 99 percent of UVA and UVB radiation. Sunglasses can protect both the eyes and the skin around the eyes.

Learn how to perform skin self-exam


Diagnosis
A biopsy is the only way to make a definite diagnosis. In this procedure, the doctor tries to remove all of the suspicious-looking growth. This is an excisional biopsy. If the growth is too large to be removed entirely, the doctor removes a sample of the tissue. The doctor will never "shave off" or cauterize a growth that might be melanoma.
A biopsy can usually be done in the doctor's office using local anesthesia. A pathologist then examines the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. Sometimes it is helpful for more than one pathologist to check the tissue for cancer cells.

Staging
If the diagnosis is melanoma, the doctor needs to learn the extent, or stage, of the disease before planning treatment. Staging is a careful attempt to learn how thick the tumor is, how deeply the melanoma has invaded the skin, and whether melanoma cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body. The doctor may remove nearby lymph nodes to check for cancer cells. (Such surgery may be considered part of the treatment because removing cancerous lymph nodes may help control the disease.) The doctor also does a careful physical exam and, if the tumor is thick, may order chest x-rays, blood tests, and scans of the liver, bones, and brain.

Stages of melanoma
The following stages are used for melanoma:

Stage 0: In stage 0, the melanoma cells are found only in the outer layer of skin cells and have not invaded deeper tissues.

Stage I: Melanoma in stage I is thin:
The tumor is no more than 1 millimeter (1/25 inch) thick. The outer layer (epidermis) of skin may appear scraped. (This is called an ulceration).
Or, the tumor is between 1 and 2 millimeters (1/12 inch) thick. There is no ulceration.The melanoma cells have not spread to nearby lymph nodes.

Stage II: The tumor is at least 1 millimeter thick:
The tumor is between 1 and 2 millimeters thick. There is ulceration.
Or, the thickness of the tumor is more than 2 millimeters. There may be ulceration.The melanoma cells have not spread to nearby lymph nodes.

Stage III: The melanoma cells have spread to nearby tissues:
The melanoma cells have spread to one or more nearby lymph nodes.
Or, the melanoma cells have spread to tissues just outside the original tumor but not to any lymph nodes.

Stage IV: The melanoma cells have spread to other organs, to lymph nodes, or to skin areas far away from the original tumor.

Recurrent: Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated. It may have come back in the original site or in another part of the body.