Good news to Filipino registered nurses(RN), licensed practicalnurses (LPN) or midwives.
The Australian governmentis dire need of nurses thus seeking applicants from the Philippines.
Jenny Anastasi, Program Director of Central Queensland University(CQU) based in Australia, said their countrypresently needs around 40,000 nurses.
Anastasi along with CQU lecturers Duncan Bray and Lydia Mainey werein Iloilo City recently to spread the good news.
They intend to tie up with Central PhilippineUniversity (CPU) for the conduct of assessment for prospectiveapplicants.
Anastasi said application is open for all RNs, LPNs and midwives(with Bachelor's degree) in the Philippines providedthey obtain an overall passmark of 7 in the International English Language Testing System Academic module (IELTS).She said, there is no age limit for the applicants.
The applicants will then be required to pass a nursing competencytest (theoretical and clinical) before gettingregistered as nurse in Australia.
Anastasi said they will conduct a nursing test in Manila, Cebu andIloilo this coming July and September for free.
On top of the theoretical test the applicant will be required toundertake a four-week clinical test to be held in Australiain which the expenses will be shouldered by the applicant. Anastasi said they could help with the accommodation ofapplicants who will take the clinical test in Australia through their linkages with the Filipino community there.
Anastasi urged Filipino RNs, LPNs and midwives to try Australia as the processing time for a working visa is shorter compared to that of the United States of America or the UnitedKingdom. She said the processing time for a working visa to Australia for oneyear up to four years could be as short as sixweeks.
She added that the Filipino nurses working in Australia are allowed to include their entire family (spouse anddependent children below 25 years old) in their permanent resident visa. Also, once they get permanent resident visa then it will open the doors to the migration of their brothers,sisters, nephew, nieces and other relatives.With regard to compensation, Anastasi said that nurses in Australia get as much as A$50,000 (P1,925,000 atP1=A$38.50) a year exclusive of overtime pays and other benefits.Their salary also increases depending on their work experience and expertise.Mainey, on the other hand, stressed that nurses are one ofAustralia's most highly respected professional groups.
She said, they are recognized as skilled health care providers,combining education and professionalism with a caring concern for patients.
Sunday, June 29, 2008
Hematuria
Hematuria- blood in the urine.
Not all cases of dark or red urine are due to blood in the urine. Muscle breakdown, eating a large amount of beets, or taking the antibiotic rifampin can all turn the urine dark or red. True blood in the urine can only be confirmed when red blood cells are seen in the urine with a microscope. There are many possible causes of blood in the urine.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
There are many possible causes of blood in the urine, including:
benign prostatic hyperplasia, or an enlarged prostate, a common condition in men over age 40
bladder infections such as acute cystitis or recurrent cystitis
bleeding or blood-clotting disorders, such as hemophilia A or hemophilia B. Clotting problems may also be seen in a person who is taking too much of the blood-thinning drug warfarin.
infection in the urethra, known as urethritis. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
kidney damage, such as from the condition called glomerulonephritis. In children, this damage is commonly due to an infection with Group A streptococcus, commonly known as a strep infection.
kidney infection, known as pyelonephritis
a kidney stone, which is usually quite painful
sickle cell disease, an inherited condition usually seen in African American people. It results in abnormally shaped red blood cells, which can damage the kidney.
a tumor or cancer, most commonly in the kidney, bladder, or prostate
Not all cases of dark or red urine are due to blood in the urine. Muscle breakdown, eating a large amount of beets, or taking the antibiotic rifampin can all turn the urine dark or red. True blood in the urine can only be confirmed when red blood cells are seen in the urine with a microscope. There are many possible causes of blood in the urine.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
There are many possible causes of blood in the urine, including:
benign prostatic hyperplasia, or an enlarged prostate, a common condition in men over age 40
bladder infections such as acute cystitis or recurrent cystitis
bleeding or blood-clotting disorders, such as hemophilia A or hemophilia B. Clotting problems may also be seen in a person who is taking too much of the blood-thinning drug warfarin.
infection in the urethra, known as urethritis. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
kidney damage, such as from the condition called glomerulonephritis. In children, this damage is commonly due to an infection with Group A streptococcus, commonly known as a strep infection.
kidney infection, known as pyelonephritis
a kidney stone, which is usually quite painful
sickle cell disease, an inherited condition usually seen in African American people. It results in abnormally shaped red blood cells, which can damage the kidney.
a tumor or cancer, most commonly in the kidney, bladder, or prostate
Thursday, June 19, 2008
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
TSH is produced when the hypothalamus releases a substance called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then triggers the pituitary gland to release TSH.
TSH causes the thyroid gland to make two hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). T3 and T4 help control your body's metabolism.Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are needed for normal growth of the brain, especially during the first 3 years of life. A baby whose thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) may, in severe cases, be mentally retarded. Older children also need thyroid hormones to grow and develop normally.
How To Prepare for TSH test
Tell your doctor if you have had any tests in which you were given radioactive materials or had X-rays that used iodine dye within the last 4 to 6 weeks. Your test results may not be correct if you have had iodine contrast material before having a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test.
How It Is Done
The health professional drawing blood will:
Wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of blood. This makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to put a needle into the vein.
Clean the needle site with alcohol.
Put the needle into the vein. More than one needle stick may be needed.
Attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood.
Remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected.
Put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is removed.
Put pressure to the site and then put on a bandage.
How It Feels
The blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. An elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. It may feel tight. You may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch.
Risks
The blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. An elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. It may feel tight. You may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch.
You may get a small bruise at the site. You can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several minutes.
In rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. This problem is called phlebitis. A warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this.
Ongoing bleeding can be a problem for people with bleeding disorders. Aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), and other blood-thinning medicines can make bleeding more likely. If you have bleeding or clotting problems, or if you take blood-thinning medicine, tell your doctor before your blood sample is taken.
Source:WebMD
Tuesday, June 17, 2008
Common Infectious Diseases Worldwide
Sources: The Centers for Disease Control (CDC); The World Health Organization (WHO).
The following is a list of the most common infectious diseases throughout the world today. Accurate caseload numbers are difficult to determine, especially because so many of these diseases are endemic to developing countries, where many people do not have access to modern medical care. Approximately half of all deaths caused by infectious diseases each year can be attributed to just three diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. Together, these diseases cause over 300 million illnesses and more than 5 million deaths each year.
The list does not include diseases that have received a significant amount of media attention in recent years—such as Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever or West Nile Virus > but which in fact have infected a relatively small number of people
African Trypanosomiasis (“sleeping sickness”):
African trypanosomiasis is spread by the tsetse fly, which is common to many African countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that nearly 450,000 cases occur each year. Symptoms of the disease include fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching in the early stage, and confusion, sensory disturbances, poor coordination, and disrupted sleep cycles in the second stage. If the disease goes untreated in its first stage, it causes irreparable neurological damage; if it goes untreated in its second stage, it is fatal.
Cholera:
Cholera is a disease spread mostly through contaminated drinking water and unsanitary conditions. It is endemic in the Indian subcontinent, Russia, and sub-Saharan Africa. It is an acute infection of the intestines with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Its main symptom is copious diarrhea. Between 5% and 10% of those infected with the disease will develop severe symptoms, which also include vomiting and leg cramps. In its severe form, cholera can cause death by dehydration. An estimated 200,000 cases are reported to WHO annually.
Cryptosporidiosis:
Cryptosporidiosis has become one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States in recent years; it is also found throughout the rest of the world. It is caused by a parasite that spreads when a water source is contaminated, usually with the feces of infected animals or humans. Symptoms include diarrhea, stomach cramps, an upset stomach, and slight fever. Some people do not exhibit any symptoms.
Dengue:
WHO estimates that 50 million cases of dengue fever appear each year. It is spread through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Recent years have seen dengue outbreaks all over Asia and Africa. Dengue fever can be mild to moderate, and occasionally severe, though it is rarely fatal. Mild cases, which usually affect infants and young children, involve a nonspecific febrile illness, while moderate cases, seen in older children and adults, display high fever, severe headaches, muscle and joint pains, and rash. Severe cases develop into dengue hemorrhagic fever, which involves high fever, hemorrhaging, and sometimes circulatory failure.
Hepatitis A:
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Spread primarily by the fecal-oral route or by ingestion of contaminated water or food, the number of annual infections worldwide is estimated at 1.4 million. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. Although those exposed usually develop lifelong immunity, the best protection against Hepatitis A is vaccination.
Hepatitis B: Approximately 2 billion people are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), making it the most common infectious disease in the world today. Over 350 million of those infected never rid themselves of the infection. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that causes symptoms such as jaundice, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain; hepatitis B is the most serious form of the disease. Chronic infections can cause cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer in later years.
Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is a less common, and less severe, form of hepatitis. An estimated 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); 3–4 million more are infected every year. The majority of HCV cases are asymptomatic, even in people who develop chronic infection.
HIV/AIDS: See Understanding AIDS.
Influenza:
Several influenza epidemics in the 20th century caused millions of deaths worldwide, including the worst epidemic in American history, the Spanish influenza outbreak that killed more than 500,000 in 1918. Today influenza is less of a public health threat, though it continues to be a serious disease that affects many people. Approximately 20,000 people die of the flu in the United States every year. The influenza virus attacks the human respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as fever, headaches, fatigue, coughing, sore throat, nasal congestion, and body aches.
Japanese Encephalitis:
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease endemic in Asia. Around 50,000 cases occur each year; 25% to 30% of all cases are fatal.
Leishmaniasis:
Leishmaniasis is a disease spread by the bite of the sandfly. It is found mostly in tropical countries. There are several types of leishmaniasis, and they vary in symptoms and severity. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, or kala azar) is the most severe; left untreated, it is always fatal. Its symptoms include fever, weight loss, anemia, and a swelling of the spleen and liver. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL, or espundia) produces lesions that affect the nose, mouth, and throat and can destroy their mucous membranes. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) produces skin ulcers, sometimes as many as 200, that cause disability and extensive scarring. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is similar to CL, and infected people are prone to relapses.
Approximately 12 million cases of leishmaniasis exist today.
Malaria:
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that affects 300–500 million people annually, causing between 1 and 3 million deaths. It is most common in tropical and subtropical climates and is found in 90 countries—but 90% of all cases are found in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most of its victims are children. The first stage consists of shaking and chills, the next stage involves high fever and severe headache, and in the final stage the infected person's temperature drops and he or she sweats profusely. Infected people also often suffer from anemia, weakness, and a swelling of the spleen. Malaria was almost eradicated 30 years ago; now it is on the rise again.
Measles:
Measles is a disease that has seen a drastic reduction in countries where a vaccine is readily available, but it is still prevalent in developing countries, where most of the 777,000 deaths (out of 30 million cases) it caused in 2001 occurred. Symptoms include high fever, coughing, and a maculo-papular rash; common complications include diarrhea, pneumonia, and ear infections.
Meningitis:
Meningitis, often known as spinal meningitis, is an infection of the spinal cord. It is usually the result of a viral or bacterial infection. Bacterial meningitis is more severe than viral meningitis and may cause brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities. An estimated 1.2 million cases of bacterial meningitis occur every year, over a tenth of which are fatal. Symptoms include severe headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, delirium, photophobia, and a stiff neck.
Onchocerciasis (“river blindness”):
Onchocerciasis is caused by the larvae of Onchocerca volvulus, a parasitic worm that lives in the human body for years. It is endemic in Africa, where nearly all of the 18 million people infected with the disease live. Of those infected, over 6.5 million have developed dermatitis and 270,000 have gone blind. Symptoms include visual impairment, rashes, lesions, intense itching, skin depigmentation, and lymphadenitis.
Pneumonia:
Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as 6 million cases of otitis media and over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as meningitis.
Rotavirus:
Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. It kills more than 600,000 children each year, mostly in developing countries. Symptoms include vomiting, watery diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain.
Schistosomiasis:
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that is endemic in many developing countries. Roughly 200 million people worldwide are infected with the flukeworm, whose eggs cause the symptoms of the disease. Some 120 million of those infected are symptomatic, and 20 million suffer severely from the infection. Symptoms include rash and itchiness soon after becoming infected, followed by fever, chills, coughing, and muscle aches.
Shigellosis:
Shigella infection causes an estimated 600,000 deaths worldwide every year. It is most common in developing countries with poor sanitation. Shigella bacteria cause bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis. Symptoms include diarrhea with bloody stool, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.
Strep Throat:
Strep throat is caused by the streptococcus bacteria. Several million cases of strep throat occur every year. Symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, and nausea.
Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis causes nearly 2 million deaths every year, and WHO estimates that nearly 1 billion people will be infected between 2000 and 2020 if more effective preventive procedures are not adopted. The TB bacteria are most often found in the lungs, where they can cause chest pain and a bad cough that brings up bloody phlegm. Other symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, appetite loss, chills, fever, and night sweats.
Typhoid:
Typhoid fever causes an estimated 600,000 deaths annually, out of 12–17 million cases. It is usually spread through infected food or water. Symptoms include a sudden and sustained fever, severe headache, nausea, severe appetite loss, constipation, and sometimes diarrhea.
Yellow Fever:
Yellow fever causes an estimated 30,000 deaths each year, out of 200,000 cases. The disease has two phases. In the “acute phase,” symptoms include fever, muscle pain, headache, shivers, appetite loss, nausea, and vomiting. This lasts for 3–4 days, after which most patients recover. But 15% will enter the “toxic phase,” in which fever reappears, along with other symptoms, including jaundice; abdominal pain; vomiting; bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, and stomach; and deterioration of kidney function (sometimes complete kidney failure). Half of all patients in the toxic phase die within two weeks; the other half recover.
*remember, not all infectious diseases are communicable, but all communicable diseases are infectious*
The following is a list of the most common infectious diseases throughout the world today. Accurate caseload numbers are difficult to determine, especially because so many of these diseases are endemic to developing countries, where many people do not have access to modern medical care. Approximately half of all deaths caused by infectious diseases each year can be attributed to just three diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. Together, these diseases cause over 300 million illnesses and more than 5 million deaths each year.
The list does not include diseases that have received a significant amount of media attention in recent years—such as Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever or West Nile Virus > but which in fact have infected a relatively small number of people
African Trypanosomiasis (“sleeping sickness”):
African trypanosomiasis is spread by the tsetse fly, which is common to many African countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that nearly 450,000 cases occur each year. Symptoms of the disease include fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching in the early stage, and confusion, sensory disturbances, poor coordination, and disrupted sleep cycles in the second stage. If the disease goes untreated in its first stage, it causes irreparable neurological damage; if it goes untreated in its second stage, it is fatal.
Cholera:
Cholera is a disease spread mostly through contaminated drinking water and unsanitary conditions. It is endemic in the Indian subcontinent, Russia, and sub-Saharan Africa. It is an acute infection of the intestines with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Its main symptom is copious diarrhea. Between 5% and 10% of those infected with the disease will develop severe symptoms, which also include vomiting and leg cramps. In its severe form, cholera can cause death by dehydration. An estimated 200,000 cases are reported to WHO annually.
Cryptosporidiosis:
Cryptosporidiosis has become one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States in recent years; it is also found throughout the rest of the world. It is caused by a parasite that spreads when a water source is contaminated, usually with the feces of infected animals or humans. Symptoms include diarrhea, stomach cramps, an upset stomach, and slight fever. Some people do not exhibit any symptoms.
Dengue:
WHO estimates that 50 million cases of dengue fever appear each year. It is spread through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Recent years have seen dengue outbreaks all over Asia and Africa. Dengue fever can be mild to moderate, and occasionally severe, though it is rarely fatal. Mild cases, which usually affect infants and young children, involve a nonspecific febrile illness, while moderate cases, seen in older children and adults, display high fever, severe headaches, muscle and joint pains, and rash. Severe cases develop into dengue hemorrhagic fever, which involves high fever, hemorrhaging, and sometimes circulatory failure.
Hepatitis A:
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Spread primarily by the fecal-oral route or by ingestion of contaminated water or food, the number of annual infections worldwide is estimated at 1.4 million. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. Although those exposed usually develop lifelong immunity, the best protection against Hepatitis A is vaccination.
Hepatitis B: Approximately 2 billion people are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), making it the most common infectious disease in the world today. Over 350 million of those infected never rid themselves of the infection. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that causes symptoms such as jaundice, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain; hepatitis B is the most serious form of the disease. Chronic infections can cause cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer in later years.
Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is a less common, and less severe, form of hepatitis. An estimated 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); 3–4 million more are infected every year. The majority of HCV cases are asymptomatic, even in people who develop chronic infection.
HIV/AIDS: See Understanding AIDS.
Influenza:
Several influenza epidemics in the 20th century caused millions of deaths worldwide, including the worst epidemic in American history, the Spanish influenza outbreak that killed more than 500,000 in 1918. Today influenza is less of a public health threat, though it continues to be a serious disease that affects many people. Approximately 20,000 people die of the flu in the United States every year. The influenza virus attacks the human respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as fever, headaches, fatigue, coughing, sore throat, nasal congestion, and body aches.
Japanese Encephalitis:
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease endemic in Asia. Around 50,000 cases occur each year; 25% to 30% of all cases are fatal.
Leishmaniasis:
Leishmaniasis is a disease spread by the bite of the sandfly. It is found mostly in tropical countries. There are several types of leishmaniasis, and they vary in symptoms and severity. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, or kala azar) is the most severe; left untreated, it is always fatal. Its symptoms include fever, weight loss, anemia, and a swelling of the spleen and liver. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL, or espundia) produces lesions that affect the nose, mouth, and throat and can destroy their mucous membranes. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) produces skin ulcers, sometimes as many as 200, that cause disability and extensive scarring. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is similar to CL, and infected people are prone to relapses.
Approximately 12 million cases of leishmaniasis exist today.
Malaria:
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that affects 300–500 million people annually, causing between 1 and 3 million deaths. It is most common in tropical and subtropical climates and is found in 90 countries—but 90% of all cases are found in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most of its victims are children. The first stage consists of shaking and chills, the next stage involves high fever and severe headache, and in the final stage the infected person's temperature drops and he or she sweats profusely. Infected people also often suffer from anemia, weakness, and a swelling of the spleen. Malaria was almost eradicated 30 years ago; now it is on the rise again.
Measles:
Measles is a disease that has seen a drastic reduction in countries where a vaccine is readily available, but it is still prevalent in developing countries, where most of the 777,000 deaths (out of 30 million cases) it caused in 2001 occurred. Symptoms include high fever, coughing, and a maculo-papular rash; common complications include diarrhea, pneumonia, and ear infections.
Meningitis:
Meningitis, often known as spinal meningitis, is an infection of the spinal cord. It is usually the result of a viral or bacterial infection. Bacterial meningitis is more severe than viral meningitis and may cause brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities. An estimated 1.2 million cases of bacterial meningitis occur every year, over a tenth of which are fatal. Symptoms include severe headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, delirium, photophobia, and a stiff neck.
Onchocerciasis (“river blindness”):
Onchocerciasis is caused by the larvae of Onchocerca volvulus, a parasitic worm that lives in the human body for years. It is endemic in Africa, where nearly all of the 18 million people infected with the disease live. Of those infected, over 6.5 million have developed dermatitis and 270,000 have gone blind. Symptoms include visual impairment, rashes, lesions, intense itching, skin depigmentation, and lymphadenitis.
Pneumonia:
Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is responsible for more than 100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia annually, as well as 6 million cases of otitis media and over 60,000 cases of invasive diseases such as meningitis.
Rotavirus:
Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. It kills more than 600,000 children each year, mostly in developing countries. Symptoms include vomiting, watery diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain.
Schistosomiasis:
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that is endemic in many developing countries. Roughly 200 million people worldwide are infected with the flukeworm, whose eggs cause the symptoms of the disease. Some 120 million of those infected are symptomatic, and 20 million suffer severely from the infection. Symptoms include rash and itchiness soon after becoming infected, followed by fever, chills, coughing, and muscle aches.
Shigellosis:
Shigella infection causes an estimated 600,000 deaths worldwide every year. It is most common in developing countries with poor sanitation. Shigella bacteria cause bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis. Symptoms include diarrhea with bloody stool, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.
Strep Throat:
Strep throat is caused by the streptococcus bacteria. Several million cases of strep throat occur every year. Symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, and nausea.
Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis causes nearly 2 million deaths every year, and WHO estimates that nearly 1 billion people will be infected between 2000 and 2020 if more effective preventive procedures are not adopted. The TB bacteria are most often found in the lungs, where they can cause chest pain and a bad cough that brings up bloody phlegm. Other symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, appetite loss, chills, fever, and night sweats.
Typhoid:
Typhoid fever causes an estimated 600,000 deaths annually, out of 12–17 million cases. It is usually spread through infected food or water. Symptoms include a sudden and sustained fever, severe headache, nausea, severe appetite loss, constipation, and sometimes diarrhea.
Yellow Fever:
Yellow fever causes an estimated 30,000 deaths each year, out of 200,000 cases. The disease has two phases. In the “acute phase,” symptoms include fever, muscle pain, headache, shivers, appetite loss, nausea, and vomiting. This lasts for 3–4 days, after which most patients recover. But 15% will enter the “toxic phase,” in which fever reappears, along with other symptoms, including jaundice; abdominal pain; vomiting; bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, and stomach; and deterioration of kidney function (sometimes complete kidney failure). Half of all patients in the toxic phase die within two weeks; the other half recover.
*remember, not all infectious diseases are communicable, but all communicable diseases are infectious*
Friday, June 13, 2008
Answers...
Bacteria (formerly known as eubacteria) and Archaea (formerly called archaebacteria) share the procaryotic type of cellular configuration, but otherwise are not related to one another any more closely than they are to the eukaryotic domain, Eukarya. Between the two procaryotes, Archaea are apparently more closely related to Eukarya than are the Bacteria. Eukarya consists of all eukaryotic cell-types, including protista, fungi, plants and animals.
Archaea are the least evolved type of cell (they remain closest to the common point of origin). This helps explain why contemporary Archaea are inhabitants of environments that are something like the earth 3.86 billion years ago (hot, salty, acidic, anaerobic, low in organic material, etc.).
Eucaryotes (Eucarya) are the most evolved type of cell (they move farthest from the common point of origin). However, the eucaryotes do not begin to diversify (branch) until relatively late in evolution, at a time when the Bacteria diversify into oxygenic photosynthesis (Synechococcus) and aerobic respiration (Agrobacterium).
click here to find out more about Robert Koch
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van
Although Leeuwenhoek's family was fairly well off, he received little formal education. After completing grammar school in Delft, Netherlands, he moved to Amsterdam to work as a draper's apprentice (a draper was a person who made and sold clothing). In 1654 he returned to Delft to establish his own shop and worked as a draper for the rest of his life. His medical achievements in lens grinding were actually a hobby rather than his main work. Lenses were an important tool in Leeuwenhoek's profession, since cloth merchants often used small lenses to inspect their products. His hobby soon turned to obsession, however, as he searched for more and more powerful lenses.
In 1671 Leeuwenhoek made his first simple microscope. It had a tiny lens that he had ground by hand from a globule (small ball) of glass and had placed in a brass holder. To this he had attached a series of pins designed to hold the specimen. It was the first of nearly six hundred lenses ranging from 50 to 500 times magnifications that he would grind during his lifetime.
Through his microscope Leeuwenhoek examined such substances as skin, hair, and his own blood. He studied the structure of ivory as well as the physical composition of the flea, discovering that fleas, too, had even smaller parasites on them.
Archaea are the least evolved type of cell (they remain closest to the common point of origin). This helps explain why contemporary Archaea are inhabitants of environments that are something like the earth 3.86 billion years ago (hot, salty, acidic, anaerobic, low in organic material, etc.).
Eucaryotes (Eucarya) are the most evolved type of cell (they move farthest from the common point of origin). However, the eucaryotes do not begin to diversify (branch) until relatively late in evolution, at a time when the Bacteria diversify into oxygenic photosynthesis (Synechococcus) and aerobic respiration (Agrobacterium).
click here to find out more about Robert Koch
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van
Although Leeuwenhoek's family was fairly well off, he received little formal education. After completing grammar school in Delft, Netherlands, he moved to Amsterdam to work as a draper's apprentice (a draper was a person who made and sold clothing). In 1654 he returned to Delft to establish his own shop and worked as a draper for the rest of his life. His medical achievements in lens grinding were actually a hobby rather than his main work. Lenses were an important tool in Leeuwenhoek's profession, since cloth merchants often used small lenses to inspect their products. His hobby soon turned to obsession, however, as he searched for more and more powerful lenses.
In 1671 Leeuwenhoek made his first simple microscope. It had a tiny lens that he had ground by hand from a globule (small ball) of glass and had placed in a brass holder. To this he had attached a series of pins designed to hold the specimen. It was the first of nearly six hundred lenses ranging from 50 to 500 times magnifications that he would grind during his lifetime.
Through his microscope Leeuwenhoek examined such substances as skin, hair, and his own blood. He studied the structure of ivory as well as the physical composition of the flea, discovering that fleas, too, had even smaller parasites on them.
Thursday, June 12, 2008
*Working and living in Canada*
from Yahoo Groups. forwarded email.
*Working and living in Canada* is a good one compared to other first world
countries in the world, since Canada has a good social welfare in terms of
benefits and compensation. And it has lots of jobs to offer, especially
skilled worker. Canadian immigration law firms are duly licensed and
committed in providing inland and overseas Canadian immigration legal
services to their clients in need. Most of theses firms composed of
highly-trained and experienced professionals and expert legal practitioners
with in depth knowledge of Canadian immigration issues.They give out-of-the-box ideas and legal advice regarding all immigration needs and help to receive Canadian visas quickly and legally. That's why its easy tobe employed in Canada , especially skilled workers that are needed to fill in the work shortage in Canada. The Canadian market is booming and on the rise that's why they need more highly-skilled workers and professionals in their country. There are a lot of boom towns in Canada that's why there arelots of opportunities waiting.
*Under the POEA, in the Philippines* we have the *Canadian Skilled Workers Program,* in this program *Filipino skilled workers* are given a visa to become permanent residents in Canada. Since Canada is looking for skilled migrants, particularly migrant workers that have experience in their field. One must be proficient in English or French, no job offer is required under this program. In order to qualify with this program the applicant must at least have 1 year work experience to file an application. There is an online assessment under this program, one must exceed or meet the eligibility assessment in order to qualify. Currently, the passing grade under the* online assessment is 67 points*.
The application will be based on your educational attainment, work experience,proficiency in English or French, age and your adaptability in the Canadianway of life. The good thing about the Canadian Skilled Worker Visa it allows you to settle anywhere in Canada, including taking any employment of your choice, pursue study. The entitlements under this program is that you can be a Permanent Resident thus having access to the Canadian Medicare system,educational subsidy, unrestricted access to Canadian employment market,pension plan, or a Citizen after having satisfy your residency requirementand lastly, Sponsorship, through this you can sponsor your family who wishto join you in Canada.
*For those who have not attended our seminar yet.*
We would like to invite you to attend our seminar on:
JUNE 4,11,18 25, 2008 , Wed 2pm
JUNE 7,14,21,28 2008, Saturday 10am or 2pm
OR JUNE 1,8,15,22 29 2008 Sunday(Family Day) 10am only
What better way to spend family day than to find ways to make your families future better.We are located at Canadian Immigration Consultancy,Ground Floor, Uniwide Sales Coastal Mall, Tambo Paranaque City. Please choose a schedule and confirm your attendance by replying to my email. Due to the great volume of attendees that we have, this seminar is *ONLY by reservation*.
The seminar is designed to answer all your questions about Canada. It will also discuss in Detail the opportunities to either Immigrate or work in Canada. At the end of the seminar there will be a one on one discussion on where you qualify and teach you what steps you have to make in order to take advantage of the opportunity.
Seminar Fee is *P300.00 for Single, P400.00 for married* attendees.Let us know if you can make it so that we can reserve a seat for you.*Please Contact us!!**
EVANGELINE NARON OR MARIBEL NARON- BRIAGAS**Consultant**Canadian Immigration Consultancy*G/F Uniwide Coastal MallRoxas Blvd cor MIA RoadParanaque City(02) 357-5493301- 1060 loc. 8402mob. smart :63920-5348854YM: enaron_cicemail: enaron@...,enaroncic@...mnaron@...,maribel.cic@...
*We are processing visas for Immigrants , Provincial NomineeProgram and Tourists to Canada & Possible Job offer !!!*
*Working and living in Canada* is a good one compared to other first world
countries in the world, since Canada has a good social welfare in terms of
benefits and compensation. And it has lots of jobs to offer, especially
skilled worker. Canadian immigration law firms are duly licensed and
committed in providing inland and overseas Canadian immigration legal
services to their clients in need. Most of theses firms composed of
highly-trained and experienced professionals and expert legal practitioners
with in depth knowledge of Canadian immigration issues.They give out-of-the-box ideas and legal advice regarding all immigration needs and help to receive Canadian visas quickly and legally. That's why its easy tobe employed in Canada , especially skilled workers that are needed to fill in the work shortage in Canada. The Canadian market is booming and on the rise that's why they need more highly-skilled workers and professionals in their country. There are a lot of boom towns in Canada that's why there arelots of opportunities waiting.
*Under the POEA, in the Philippines* we have the *Canadian Skilled Workers Program,* in this program *Filipino skilled workers* are given a visa to become permanent residents in Canada. Since Canada is looking for skilled migrants, particularly migrant workers that have experience in their field. One must be proficient in English or French, no job offer is required under this program. In order to qualify with this program the applicant must at least have 1 year work experience to file an application. There is an online assessment under this program, one must exceed or meet the eligibility assessment in order to qualify. Currently, the passing grade under the* online assessment is 67 points*.
The application will be based on your educational attainment, work experience,proficiency in English or French, age and your adaptability in the Canadianway of life. The good thing about the Canadian Skilled Worker Visa it allows you to settle anywhere in Canada, including taking any employment of your choice, pursue study. The entitlements under this program is that you can be a Permanent Resident thus having access to the Canadian Medicare system,educational subsidy, unrestricted access to Canadian employment market,pension plan, or a Citizen after having satisfy your residency requirementand lastly, Sponsorship, through this you can sponsor your family who wishto join you in Canada.
*For those who have not attended our seminar yet.*
We would like to invite you to attend our seminar on:
JUNE 4,11,18 25, 2008 , Wed 2pm
JUNE 7,14,21,28 2008, Saturday 10am or 2pm
OR JUNE 1,8,15,22 29 2008 Sunday(Family Day) 10am only
What better way to spend family day than to find ways to make your families future better.We are located at Canadian Immigration Consultancy,Ground Floor, Uniwide Sales Coastal Mall, Tambo Paranaque City. Please choose a schedule and confirm your attendance by replying to my email. Due to the great volume of attendees that we have, this seminar is *ONLY by reservation*.
The seminar is designed to answer all your questions about Canada. It will also discuss in Detail the opportunities to either Immigrate or work in Canada. At the end of the seminar there will be a one on one discussion on where you qualify and teach you what steps you have to make in order to take advantage of the opportunity.
Seminar Fee is *P300.00 for Single, P400.00 for married* attendees.Let us know if you can make it so that we can reserve a seat for you.*Please Contact us!!**
EVANGELINE NARON OR MARIBEL NARON- BRIAGAS**Consultant**Canadian Immigration Consultancy*G/F Uniwide Coastal MallRoxas Blvd cor MIA RoadParanaque City(02) 357-5493301- 1060 loc. 8402mob. smart :63920-5348854YM: enaron_cicemail: enaron@...,enaroncic@...mnaron@...,maribel.cic@...
*We are processing visas for Immigrants , Provincial NomineeProgram and Tourists to Canada & Possible Job offer !!!*
RP nurses tricked to New Zealand jobs urged to tell on recruiters
Read this article from GMA News about migrants’ support group in New Zealand that is willing to provide assistance to Filipino professionals, particularly nurses, who become victims of false promises of recruiters and loan sharks, in taking their cases to court.
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